This Health Research Bulletin presents the research papers of student researchers from the medical laboratory science, pharmacy and nursing programs; hence, the diverse research topics are tackled in this bulletin.
Its mission is to provide an outlet for quality research to be publicised and published to a global audience. The journal aims to publish papers selected through rigorous peer review to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The Journal
ISSN: 2619-6735 (Online)
ISSN: 2619-6735 (Print)
DOI: to be posted...
Publication Frequency: Yearly
Editor-in-Chief
Emmanuel James P. Pattaguan, Ph.D.
Vice President for Academics, University Research and Development Center
Managing Editors
Dr. Marie Jean N. Mendezabal, PhD
Director, University Research and Development Center
Ms. Jonalyn P. Santos
Head, Center for Health Research and Development
Mr. Emilio A. Carag
Language Editor, University Research and Development Center
Contents
Isolation and Characterization of Pathogenic Bacteria in Sewage Wastewaters in Tuguegarao City Cagayan
Michaela Venus G. Tomas, Niña Ricca Angelice S. Tuliao, Jerica K. Tubban, Dianna Joyce B. Tumbaga, Freyselle Faye S. Urmanita
Residential wastewater is considered as an ideal environment for the survival of broad arrays of pathogenic bacteria. The study aimed to characterize the bacteria isolated from residential sewage wastewater collected from four flood-prone barangays in Tuguegarao City. Morphological and biochemical tests were used to identify the bacterial isolates using Vitek 2 Compact Machine. The antibiotic susceptibility of identified bacteria in the study area was also investigated using determination of Minimum Inhibition Concentration. The findings revealed the presence of gram negative, non-lactose fermenting bacterial genera characterized as Aeromonas hydrophila/ Aeromonas caviae with a probability of 99% in all of the isolates, Aeromonas sobria with a probability of 98% and Klebsiella pneumonia spp. pneumoniae with a probability of 99%. Moreover, the isolate Klebsiella pneumoniae spp. pneumoniae showed resistance to Ampicillin and Ticarcillin. This indicates that the sewage water is conducive to supporting the growth and proliferation of these gram negative bacteria. These pathogens also have the potential to cause diseases in humans especially when the sewage water is mixed with flood water which is an important health concern in flood-prone areas.
Keywords: sewage wastewater, residential sewage, antibiotic resistant pathogens, morphological characterization.
Isolation and Quantitative Analysis of Escherichia coli in Pancit Batil Patong in Tuguegarao City, Cagayan
John Patrick A. Ramos, LG Kevin M. Soriano, Editha C. Valerio, Adrian M. Velasco, Jenine Maree M. Zingapan
Human consumption of contaminated foods is one of the most commonly implicated reason for the widespread and rising cases of food borne illnesses around the globe. Although there are already established protocol and measures to ensure food safety, there are bacteria that easily withstand and adapt the changes in the environment. E. coli is a gram negative bacteria that is commonly associated with several outbreaks of food borne illnesses and it is commonly found in food. Most are not pathogenic and can be easily controlled by adequate cooking at 710C. However, public health and food safety have been challenged from the existence of heat resistant E. coli which may pose threat to human health. This study, therefore sought to assess and characterize the E. coli present in Pancit Batil Patong in five Panciteria restaurants near University of Saint Louis Tuguegarao. Pancit Batil Patong is a famous local delicacy of Tuguegrao City. Using the standard microbiological identification and Vitek 2 Compact machine for confirmation, result showed that there areno E. coli present in the food sample, however, other bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Acinetobacter haemolyticus, Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides, and Bacillus subtilis/ amyloliquefaciens/ atrophaeus were identified which can greatly affect immunocompromised individuals. The absence of E. coli from the food samples indicates that these Panciteria restaurants have good hygiene and practiced safe handling and preparation of their foods. However, with the presence of the other bacterial isolates identified variations in the operation of these Panciteria restaurants in ensuring food may be present and worthy to be further investigated.
Keywords: E. coli, pancit batil patong, microbiological identification, food safety
Coliform Assessment of Sewage Water Flowing into Cagayan River
Alyssa Joy C. Quinagoran, Jel M. Quindatan, Bethel I. Soliven, Angelika U. Suelen, Shella Marie L. Tejada
Cagayan River is considered to be the main source of livelihood in the Cagayan Valley region. Emission of untreated wastes from residential buildings was found to be among the major contributors to contamination of the river. Moreover, untreated wastewater or sewage is a source of microorganisms which cause waterborne diseases. This study assessed coliform bacteria count in sewage water that is directly flowing in the Cagayan River in three flood-prone barangays of Tuguegarao City. Multiple tube fermentation technique (MTFT) and Heterotrophic Plate Count (HPC) method were employed to determine the total coliforms, fecal coliforms, and heterotrophic plate counts of the different sewage samples collected. The findings showed a significantly increased fecal and total coliform count of >1600 MPN/mL in all the samples that exceeded the standard limit set by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), and World Health Organization. Moreover, the heterotrophic plate count (HPC) of all the sampling sites did not fall within the allowable limits. The results therefore indicate a high bacterial content or concentration as well as high level of fecal matter contamination of the sewage waters from the barangays which are sources of sewage water effluent flowing into the Cagayan River. The results indicate the lack of treatment of sewage water flowing directly into the Cagayan River. Moreover, the results imply the need for continuous monitoring and strict compliance to general effluent standards and sewage treatment and sewage management system of wastewater in these areas before discharge into a particular water body.
Keywords: sewage water, total and fecal coliform count, heterotrophic plate count (HPC), standard level
Stress and Coping Strategies of Frontline Nurses during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Jacklyn L. Calderon, Rica B. Capinpin, Cielo Rose J. Lim, Ana Mariella T. Rubio
COVID-19 has been proven to be a lethal disease that challenged the Philippines’ healthcare system and economy. It has greatly affected the health of those in the frontlines especially the health care workers. Studies have shown that nurses are among the healthcare workers most affected by the fight against COVID-19. However, studies on the stress and coping strategies of frontline nurses in the Philippines during this COVID-19 pandemic are limited. Based on this, the purpose of this study is to identify the sources of stress and coping strategies of frontline nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic.
A descriptive qualitative research design was utilized for this study. Qualitative data were gathered via interview among 20 staff nurses who are employed in level 1, 2 and 3 hospitals in Tuguegarao City, Cagayan during the COVID-19 pandemic. The results of the study revealed that the sources of stress of staff nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic can be classified according to two major themes which are work-related factors and emotional and psychological factors. Work-related factors are the causes of stress that are directly related to the work environment or workload of the nurses and this include lack of resources, heavy workload, and low compensation and benefits. Emotional and Psychological factors are the sources of stress that are related to the nurses’ emotional feelings while working during the pandemic and include constant fear of acquiring the infection, feelings of isolation, and challenges of delivering care in Personal Protective Equipment. In order to cope with these stressors, the nurses utilized coping strategies that can be summarized in five major themes which are Physical-related coping, Social-related coping, Recreational activities, Spiritual coping, and Positive thinking. It can be concluded from the results therefore that staff nurses’ main source of stress during the pandemic is related to their work and their work environment and that nurses utilize many strategies in order for them to effectively cope with the stress brought about by the pandemic. It is therefore recommended to quantitatively measure the work-related stressors of the nurses in order that these factors be resolved to achieve a favorable working environment for the nurses and reduce their stress. Effective use of coping strategies should also be assessed and taught to the nurses to help them reduce their stress.
Keywords: Stress and coping strategies, COVID-19 pandemic, staff nurses
COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy among Undergraduate Students
Kristel Diane N. Betana, Hannah V. Lacambra, Hannah Jerah Longat, Carl Angelo B. Salvatierra
The COVID-19 vaccine provides the best hope for a permanent solution to controlling the pandemic. In order to further promote the uptake of the COVID-19 vaccine and combat vaccine hesitancy, an understanding of vaccination hesitancy of society must be done. This study aimed to assess and describe COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among university students. This study used a descriptive qualitative research design to identify and describe the students’ reasons behind COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and their motivations for vaccine acceptance. The study was conducted among 21 undergraduate students aged 18 years old and above, who are not in any allied health course and who have not received any dose of the COVID-19 vaccine as of January 2022. Analysis of the students’ responses revealed two major themes explaining the student’s reasons behind vaccine hesitancy namely: Personal Barriers and Familial Barriers to vaccination. Personal barriers included the students’ fear of needles and fear of the unknown side or adverse effects of the vaccine and their inability to leave their homes due to COVID-19 restrictions. Familial barriers included the decision of their parents not to receive the vaccine due to uncertainty and fear about the side and adverse effects of the vaccine. However, the students also mentioned that they believe the vaccine will keep them safe from COVID-19 infection and that they will get vaccinated when it becomes mandatory or required for face-to-face classes. The study therefore concludes that hesitancy towards COVID-19 vaccination is still present among university students due to misinformation and uncertainty about how the vaccine works and its possible side effects. It is important therefore that the university will employ information dissemination programs for students and their parents to encourage voluntarily vaccination before face-to-face classes will start. However, making vaccination a requirement for face-to-face classes can also be an effective strategy to ensure that all undergraduate students receive COVID-19 vaccine and ensure the safety of students and employees of the university.
Keywords: Vaccine hesitancy, COVID-19 vaccine, university students
Acceptance of Telemedicine in Tuguegarao City
Jay-Lord S. Achanzar, Rizsel Nhozkha V. Alipio, Melanie B. Sison
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) led to changes in the way health care is delivered. The use of information and communication technology for remote patient treatment is known as telemedicine. This study was developed to determine the acceptance of the utilization of telemedicine in Tuguegarao City.
The study used a simple random sampling to identify the participants in which the participants of this study are (a) patients who have experienced using Telemedicine at least three times and (b) physicians who are offering telemedicine services within Tuguegarao City for at least three months. This study utilized a descriptive design to determine the difference in the level of usability between patient and physician respondents when group according to their profile variables. An adapted questionnaire was used wherein the questions were modified to fit the respondents of the study. It was then distributed online using Google Forms to identified patient and physician respondents that have utilized telemedicine in Tuguegarao City with the total of 366 respondents, 215 patient respondents and 151 physician respondents.
The study found out that telemedicine has high usability between the patient and physician respondents. And between the two respondents, the usability of telemedicine is higher in patients than physician in terms of overall usability. As a result, telemedicine is a valuable tool for providing care while keeping patients and health care providers safe especially during this pandemic. This would give a more accurate and complete view of telehealth and telemedicine's involvement in clinical practice
Keywords: Telemedicine, Acceptance, UTAUT model
Online Laboratory Skills Simulation in the Nursing and Allied Health Sciences Programs
Kyla Fae D. Bitales, Shania Anne Kaila B. Lacuesta, Ma. Angelica Clynne S. Urbi, Rome-Erwin N. Santiago
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) led to changes in the way health care is delivered. The use of information and communication technology for remote patient treatment is known as telemedicine. This study was developed to determine the acceptance of the utilization of telemedicine in Tuguegarao City.
The study used a simple random sampling to identify the participants in which the participants of this study are (a) patients who have experienced using Telemedicine at least three times and (b) physicians who are offering telemedicine services within Tuguegarao City for at least three months. This study utilized a descriptive design to determine the difference in the level of usability between patient and physician respondents when group according to their profile variables. An adapted questionnaire was used wherein the questions were modified to fit the respondents of the study. It was then distributed online using Google Forms to identified patient and physician respondents that have utilized telemedicine in Tuguegarao City with the total of 366 respondents, 215 patient respondents and 151 physician respondents.
The study found out that telemedicine has high usability between the patient and physician respondents. And between the two respondents, the usability of telemedicine is higher in patients than physician in terms of overall usability. As a result, telemedicine is a valuable tool for providing care while keeping patients and health care providers safe especially during this pandemic. This would give a more accurate and complete view of telehealth and telemedicine's involvement in clinical practice
Keywords: Telemedicine, Acceptance, UTAUT model
ASCARICIDAL ACTIVITY OF THE ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF GREEN ONION (Allium fistulosum) AGAINST Ascaris suum WORMS
Jennifer Arao, Crisanta May Marie R. Maggay, Janelle Marie D. Tuddao,Allona Kyla A. Ugale
Clinical simulation is defined as "an attempt to realistically replicate some or nearly all of the essential aspects of a clinical situation so that the situation can be more readily understood and managed when it occurs in clinical practice" It has been widely used for clinical training by health-care students and professionals, with a focus on its effectiveness in teaching, learning, and evaluating clinical skills. The overall aim of this research was to assess the implementation of the clinical simulation (online laboratory skills simulation) in USLT in terms of their simulation design elements and their educational practices incorporated as well as the nursing and allied health sciences learners’ outcomes when it comes to their self-satisfaction and confidence level. A total of 212 students from the second to fourth years of their Bachelor of Science in Nursing, Bachelor of Science in Medical Technology, and Bachelor of Science in Pharmacy programs participated in the study. The Simulation Design Scale, the Educational Practices Questionnaire, and the Student Satisfaction / Self-Confidence in Learning Scale were used in the questionnaire. The result of this study findings show that participants in the BSMT (3.63), BSN (3.88), and BSPh (3.67) assessed the simulation design element were present in the online laboratory skills simulation done. This demonstrates that nursing and allied health sciences students are directed appropriately in acquiring the necessary skills and knowledge in a moderate extent since it is only implemented for a few years. Although, the following features or elements are present it could still be improved more to achieve excellency that could indicate a higher level of learning among nursing and allied health sciences with their online laboratory skills simulation. Furthermore, the students' self-satisfaction and self-confidence are both in very good level in all of the three programs (courses), implying that they were properly learned because they were able to assess themselves that they could do and apply the skills they were taught online. Overall, students regard the USLT's online laboratory skills simulation as a very good technique for learning laboratory skills online in the midst COVID 19 pandemic.
Keywords: Clinical simulation, online laboratory skills simulation, educational practices, self-satisfaction, self-confidence.
NEPHROPROTECTIVE ACTIVITY OF KATAKA-TAKA (Kalanchoe pinnata) ETHANOLIC LEAF EXTRACT ON GENTAMICIN-INDUCED NEPHROTOXICITY IN MALE SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS
Unica Faye A. Acebedo, Abigail B. Corpuz, Shahen Jea M. Dumayom,Gracielle A. Songday, Jaycel T. Tabili
This research study determined the nephroprotective activity of Kataka-taka (Kalanchoe pinnata) ethanolic leaf extract against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Ethanolic leaf extract of Kataka-taka (Kalanchoe pinnata) was prepared by maceration. Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 100-250g were divided into 6 groups; kidney care capsule, normal saline (1ml/kg/day i.p.), gentamicin (80mg/kg/day i.p.) and ethanolic extract of Kalanchoe pinnata at 140, 120, 100mg/kg/day plus gentamicin (80mg/kg/day) intraperitoneally for 7 days. Kidney damage was first induced with gentamicin for 5 days. Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) and Serum Creatinine (SrCr) was measured at day 0 and day 5 for checking of kidney damage. Administration of the different treatments started on the 6th day of the experiment up to day 12. At the end of the experiments, the rats were sacrificed by exposure to ether then both kidneys were removed. The kidneys were processed for histopathological examination. As evident on the results for BUN, it was found out that there are no significant differences in all the doses of Kataka-taka leaf extract, specifically, 140mg/kg, 120mg/kg and 100mg/kg with p-values of 0.3332, 0.1215, and 0.045, respectively. Moreover, result for serum creatinine (SrCr) also revealed that there are no significant differences in all the doses of Kataka-taka leaf extract, specifically, 140mg/kg, 120mg/kg and 100mg/kg with p-values of 0.4429, 0.4077 and 0.3202, respectively. Histopathological result showed that co-administration of Kataka-taka at 120mg/kg dosage plus gentamicin showed significant decrease in glumerular congestion with few RBC’s and lesser edematous tubules Thus, the researchers conclude that statistically, Kataka-taka ethanolic leaf extract in all doses within the scope of this research study possess nephroprotective characteristics without significant difference. However, histopathological result confirmed that 120mg/kg dosage is considered the most effective compared to 140mg/kg and 100mg/kg.
Keywords: Kalanchoe pinnata, ethanolic leaf extract nephrotoxicity, nephroprotective, male Sprague-Dawley rats, blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PARAGIS (Eleusine indica) AND GUAVA (Psidium guajava) METHANOLIC LEAF EXTRACT AGAINST Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli
Gretchen G. Caccam, Janet M. Mendoza, Neil Andrew G. Rico, Judy Anne A. Robles, Lerma D. Taculing
This study was intended compare the antimicrobial properties of Paragis (Eleusine indica) and Guava (Psidium guajava) Methanolic Leaf extracts against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus that were investigated using standard microbiological methods. The 300g powdered Paragis (Eleusine indica) and 300g Guava (Psidium guajava) leaves were macerated with 900 ml of methanol each plant sample for three (3) days and occasionally shaking for seven (7) days. These macerated samples were extracted using rotary evaporator. The efficacy of these extracts was tested against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus using disc diffusion method. The findings showed that the methanolic leaf extract of Paragis (Eleusine indica) has inhibitory effects against gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus with mean zone of inhibition of 46 mm and the gram negative bacteria Escherichia coli with mean zone of inhibition of 22 mm, whereas Guava (Psidium guajava) also showed an inhibitory activity against Staphylococcus aureus with mean zone inhibition of 19 mm; however, it is not capable to produce an inhibitory effect to Escherichia coli. On the basis of the present findings, the researchers conclude that Paragis methanolic leaf extract may also be a good natural antimicrobial agent. This study provides scientific understanding to further determine the antimicrobial values and investigate other pharmacological properties.
Keywords: Eleusine indica, Psidium guajava, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF SPANISH NEEDLE (Bidens pilosa L.) ROOTS ETHANOLIC EXTRACT ON DINITROCHLOROBENZENE-INDUCED SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS
Angelo V. Ida, Vic Valiant O. Laureta, Jhon Paul Niño T. Mamauag, Hyacinth A. Palino
This research study focuses on the anti-inflammatory activity of the ethanolic root extract of the plant Spanish Needles (Bidens pilosa L.). Inflammation has been induced with Dinitrochlorobenzene on Sprague Dawley Rats. Spanish Needles (Bidens pilosa L.) ethanolic root extract was prepared by maceration. In the anti-inflammatory activity, the ethanolic extract was administered in three different doses (100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, and 300 mg/kg). Prednisolone at 2.5 mg/ kg was used the positive control. Allergic contact dermatitis was induced with Dinitrochlorobenzene on the right ear of the rats for 8 days. Right ear thickness was measured before and after induction of ACD. Administration of treatment groups started on the 10th day of the protocol. The right ear thickness was measured with a Vernier caliper. The Spanish Needles (Bidens pilosa L.) root extract was administered orally. As evident on the results, it was found out that there is a significant difference on all the doses of Spanish Needles (Bidens pilosa L.) root extract (100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg) and the positive control. Furthermore, statistical analysis using Student t-test and One- Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) showed that the ethanolic extract of Spanish Needles (Bidens pilosa L.) is comparable with the standard drug, Prednisolone. Based on the data gathered, the researchers concluded that Spanish Needles (Bidens pilosa L). is effective as an anti-inflammatory agent.
Keywords: Bidens pilosa L., dinitrochlorobenzene, ethanolic extract, inflammation, Sprague Dawley rats
EPIDERMAL WOUND HEALING ACTIVITY OF ALOE VERA LEAF AQUEOUS EXTRACT
Maria Rica Antoinette S. Cruz, Nestor M. Guiquing Jr, Jenica D. Maribbay, Rocel L. Notorio, Joane Pauline C. Raquel
This study aimed to determine the wound healing activity of Aloe vera (Aloe vera) in female Sprague Dawley rats. Aqueous Aloe vera extracts (Aloe vera) were prepared by grinding. Thirty-five female Sprague Dawley rats weighing 150-250grams were randomly divided into six groups: group I (n=5) Positive control rats; group II (n=5) rats treated topically with 25% Aloe vera aqueous leaf extract; group III (n=5) rats treated with 50% Aloe vera aqueous leaf extract; group IV (n=5) rats treated with 75% aloe vera aqueous leaf extract; group V (n=5) rats treated with 100% aloe vera aqueous leaf extract; group VI (n=5) as the Negative control. The wound closure was observed and measured on the days 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10. Furthermore, Statistical analysis using Student T-test and One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) showed that the 75% aqueous Aloe vera extract is the same with the positive control and 100% aqueous Aloe vera extract is comparable with the positive control. The excised skins from all the treatments were processed for histopathological examination. Based on the results, it was found that the 75% and 100% aqueous extract of Aloe vera (Aloe vera) are comparable to the wound healing activity of Mupirocin, a potent wound healing agent. Thus, it can be concluded that the aqueous extract of Aloe vera (Aloe vera) possesses potential wound healing activity which can be used as an alternative wound healing agent which are normally costly.
Keywords: Aloe vera, wound healing activity, aqueous extract, epidermal wounds, Histopathological examination
ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF HIMBABAO (Broussonetia luzonica) ETHANOLIC LEAF EXTRACT AGAINST Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli AND Klebsiella aerogenes
Rachelle Mae O. Bagalay, Rollette S. Baluyot, Niccole Therese V. Loristo, Kelly Kates A. Lupnacan, Karl Antonette T. Urbano
The study determined the antibacterial activity of Himbabao (Broussonetia luzonica) ethanolic leaf extract. Experimental test design was used in the study. The collected leaves had undergone maceration to come up with ethanolic leaf extract. It was further subjected to phytochemical screening and obtained alkaloids, saponins, phenolic compounds, and flavonoids. The researchers tested the ethanolic leaf extract through disc diffusion assay to measure the zone of inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella aerogenes. Through paper disc diffusion assay, the average mean of the zone of inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus was 6 millimeter, the average mean of the zone of inhibition against Escherichia coli was 6 millimeter and the average mean of the zone of inhibition against Klebsiella aerogenes was 6 millimeter, which indicated that the Himbabao (Broussonetia luzonica) ethanolic leaf extract has very low zone of inhibition and compared to the positive control (amoxicillin). Using One-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD multiple comparisons, the researchers obtained a p-value of .001 for the comparison of positive control (amoxicillin) and Himbabao (Broussonetia luzonica) ethanolic leaf extract which indicates a significant difference. The result further shows that the p-value of 1.000 was obtained for the comparison of the negative control (distilled water) and Himbabao (Broussonetia luzonica) ethanolic leaf extract, which statistically shows no significant difference. In conclusion, the Himbabao (Broussonetia luzonica) ethanolic leaf extract does not possess antibacterial property against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella aerogenes.
Keywords: Himbabao (Broussonetia luzonica), ethanolic leaf extract, antibacterial, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella aerogenes
HEALTH SYSTEM RESPONSIVENESS OF PRIMARY HEALTH CARE NURSING IN RURAL HEALTH UNIT OF IGUIG, CAGAYAN: A TRIANGULATION STUDY
Shaina Rica P. Co, Julius Ed B. Guerrero, Sheira-Mae G. Laluan
This research study determined and documented the level of the health system responsiveness of nurses in the Rural Health Unit (RHU) of Iguig, Cagayan, as described by clients and Primary Health Care (PHC) Nurses. Specifically, this study presents data focusing on three significant aspects of health system responsiveness in the Philippines; namely: (1) health service delivery, (2) health regulation, and, (3) good governance. The researchers scientifically chose a descriptive triangulation approach. Quota sampling among RHU clients was adopted based on set eligibility criteria. As such, 434 RHU clients were involved; whereas, total enumeration of the 14 PHC Nurses assigned at the RHU participated. The developed instrument used in this research study was based on the World Health Organization’s (WHO’s) (2000) 7th module on the evaluation of the health system. The instruments underwent experts’ panel review that yielded S-CVI scores of 0.95 and 0.98 for the instruments for clients and nurses, respectively. Data were statistically analyzed using T-test and ANOVA at 0.05 level of significance through the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS version 21.0). Further and based on the 5-point Likert-scale used, the mean of sum of the scores were interpreted. Prior to data gathering, this research endeavor was given Ethical Clearance with tracking number 94382 by the University Research Ethics Board (UREB). Results show that the mean of sum of PHC Nurses on their level of responsiveness according to their health service delivery, health regulation and good governance towards clients are 4.76, 4.84 and 4.93, respectively; hence, they described themselves as very responsive. However, based on the perception of clients, PHC Nurses are very responsive only on good governance, with a mean score of 4.53; whereas, they are simply responsive in terms of health service delivery and health regulation, with mean scores of 4.49 and 4.48, respectively. In conclusion, PHC Nurses and RHU clients agree that Nurses are very responsive just on the aspect of good governance. In light of the differences on the descriptions of PHC Nurses and RHU clients on the level of responsiveness of Nurses in terms of health service delivery especially with relative consideration to clients’ responses that yielded lower scores than that of Nurses, the researchers recommend the need for evaluation mechanisms and further trainings on the following: (1) provision of thorough explanation of relevant procedures and health education; (2) maintenance of privacy during interactions; and, (3) strengthening of therapeutic nurse-initiated interaction. As regards the difference on the perception on health regulation, evaluation and trainings on the following areas are needed: (1) prioritization of clients based on health complaints; (2) equity and justice on the distribution of free medicines; and, (3) extensive implementation of government health programs.
Keywords: health system responsiveness, rural health unit, nurses, health service delivery, health regulation, good governance
OCCUPATIONAL STRESS AND COPING STRATEGIES OF STAFF NURSES
Luisito Angelo II D. Dela Cruz, Vanessa A. Baculi, Rhea Jane P. Cagungun, Eunice Pearl A. Maggay, Shamica Lei V. Rodrigo
This research study determined the most common occupational stressors and the coping strategies of staff Nurses in secondary hospitals in Northern Philippines. The researchers utilized a quantitative approach. Among the target five secondary hospitals, administrators from only three hospitals gave their permission; hence, 119 staff Nurses from all hospital areas were involved in this research study. The developed questionnaire used to assess occupational stress was based on the tool of the American Institute of Preventive Medicine (2012); whereas, the questionnaire on coping strategies was based on the revised coping checklist (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984). The occupational stress and coping strategies questionnaires underwent experts’ panel review that yielded S-CVI scores of 0.90 and 0.97, respectively. Data were statistically analyzed using T-test and ANOVA at 0.05 level of significance through the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS version 21.0). Prior to data gathering, this research endeavor was given Ethical Clearance with tracking number 98472 by the University Research Ethics Board (UREB). Results show that in relation to their demographic profile and with a p-value of 0.037, job related health concern is the main occupational stressor of those employed for at least 14 years. Considering ethnicity, disagreement and indecision was identified and described as the main occupational stressor, with a p-value of 0.017. Results further reveal that with a p-value of 0.003, male nurses are more engaged in planful problem solving coping strategy. Among the coping strategies, accepting social responsibility is the only coping mechanism of no significant difference across all areas/wards that are used by Nurses, with a p-value of 0.143. Moreover, out-patient department and delivery room Nurses most commonly use confrontive and distancing coping strategies. In conclusion, the top causes of occupational stress among Nurses in secondary hospitals are time pressure, job pressure, disagreement & indecision and communications with supervisor; whereas, their top coping strategies are confrontive behavior, acceptance of social responsibility, distancing from the stressor and planful problem solving. In light of the results of this research study, the researchers recommend that the Heads of involved hospitals: (1) must regularly assess for occupational stress that their Nurses are facing so that they have bases on possible conduct of a series of stress management programs; and, (2) institute explicit measures of minimizing occupational stress affecting Nurses.
Keywords: occupational stress, coping, nurses, secondary hospitals, indecision, disagreement, confrontive, distancing, planful behavior, social responsibility
ANTI-BACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF BAMBOO (Bambusa vulgaris) SHOOT ETHANOLIC SKIN EXTRACT AGAINST Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli
Justine Dave C. Abarquez, John Deux L. Balubal, Carlo Maverick Paul M. Pulido, Ivan Dave T. Salva
The Bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris) Shoot is proven to have an antibacterial activity. However, the antibacterial activity of the Bamboo Shoot Skin has not yet been studied. It is for this reason that the researchers investigated its antibacterial property. The ethanolic extract from the Bamboo Shoot Skin was obtained and subjected to phytochemical screening to identify what components are present. The results revealed that saponins, flavonoids, and phenols were present. The antibacterial property is linked to their presence. The researchers formulated different concentrations of the extract and tested these through disc diffusion assay to measure the zone/s of inhibition (ZOI) against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Experimental test design was used in the study. The mean ZOI of the Experimental groups (25% w/v, 50% w/v, 75% w/v) against Staphylococcus aureus were 9 mm, 14 mm, 15 mm, respectively, and the mean of the ZOI of the Experimental group (25% w/v, 50% w/v, 75% w/v) against Escherichia coli were 8 mm, 11 mm, 11 mm, respectively. To test the significant difference, the researchers used One-way ANOVA. POST-HOC Tukey test was utilized to determine significant difference of variable to variable thereafter. Analysis revealed that there is significant difference on the antibacterial property of the ethanolic shoot skin extract of Bamboo (B. vulgaris) and the Positive control (Amoxicillin) against both Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli; meaning, the Amoxicillin has better antibacterial activity. In terms of (ZOI) exhibited, there is no significant difference between the Experimental groups. However, based on the ZOI reference chart, Bamboo Shoot Skin ethanolic extract has an active and partially active antibacterial activities against S. aureus and E. coli, respectively. It is recommended to test the extract against other bacterial species, produce an antibacterial product from it, and test other parts or species of bamboo.
Keywords: bamboo shoot, Bamboo shoot skin, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, zone of Inhibition, ethanolic extract
ACTIVITY OF MACKEREL SCAD (Decapterus macrosoma) FLESH BROTH AND POWDERED BONES ON HYPOTHYROIDIC MALE WISTAR RATS (Rattus norvegicus)
Layka Durian, Krizza Camille Narag, Loreign Queen Ramos, Chris Gerard Tamayao, Trisha Mae Villa
This study was conducted to examine and assess the activity of Mackerel scad (Decapterus macrosoma) Flesh broth and powdered bones. Methods include induction of Hypothyroidism among Male Wistar Rats (Rattus norvegicus) using methimazole. Pre- and post-induction determination of thyroid hormones was conducted. The test subjects were divided into five groups. Group A was treated with 3 mL of Fish Flesh Broth and 350 mg of Powdered Fish bones. Group B was treated with 2.25 mL of Fish Flesh Broth and 700 mg of Powdered Fish Bones. Group C was given 1.5 mL of Fish Flesh Broth and 1050 mg of Powdered Fish Bones. Group D received 150 mcg of Levothyroxine. Group E received normal feeding and Distilled water. The treatment from each group was administered orally for 10 days. After induction of Hypothyroidism, each rat from each group was subjected for Thyroid Hormones (T3, T4 and TSH) determination. For statistical analysis, values expressed are mean ± SEM (Standard error of mean). The result of the mean difference is significant at 0.05 level. It is based on Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). It is shown that Mackerel scad Fish Flesh Broth and Powdered bones are not significant for TSH. However, Mackerel scad Flesh Broth and Powdered Bones are effective in normalizing thyroid hormones due to the increase level of T3 and T4 before and after the treatment. The value of the result was accurate to the normal value which is the negative control. Therefore, Flesh broth and Powdered bones of Mackerel scad is significant in increasing the levels of T3 and T4.
Keywords: Decapterus macrosoma, Rattus norvegicus, methimazole, thyroid hormones, hypothyroidism
CHARACTERIZATION OF EXTRACTED MICROCRYSTALLINE CELLULOSE FROM Theobroma cacao POD HUSK AS BINDER IN PARACETAMOL TABLET FORMULATION
Roxanne C. Aglugub, Jaica C. Apostol, Keith Rhena M. Cusipag, Warren Kirk C. Macababbad, Mark Humprey Karl S. Urmanita
This study investigated the properties of the extracted microcrystalline cellulose from Theobroma cacao pod husk on its action as an alternative binder in the formulation of paracetamol tablets. Specifically, it aimed to determine the organoleptic properties and the physicochemical properties of the extracted MCC and the most effective concentration on its binding property compared with the standard binder, Avicel®. In the formulation of the tablet, the dry and wet granulation method was used. Furthermore, statistical analysis using a non-parametric analysis of variance (Kruskal-Wallis method) showed that the two concentrations of the extracted MCC (5%, and 10%) have a significant effect as an alternative binder in the formulation of paracetamol tablet. Comparing the three doses of the extracted MCC in terms of hardness, 2% concentration, and 5% concentration has not shown any significant differences, meaning they have equal effect. Comparing the concentrations with the positive control, 10 % concentration does not show any significant difference. On the other hand, comparing the concentrations in terms of their friability, results showed that the three concentrations do not have any significant differences, meaning they have equal effect. Comparing them with the positive control, three concentrations have shown a significant difference. In terms of their time to disintegrate, 10% and 5% concentration has no significant difference, same with the 5% and 2% concentration. Comparing with the positive control, 5% concentration has shown no significant difference. Dissolution testing was also performed under standard body temperature using a 6.8 pH phosphate buffer, using the three concentrations; results have shown that there is no significant difference between the three, meaning, they have the same effect in dissolving. Comparing with the positive control, the 5% concentration has shown no significant difference; meaning, it exhibits the same effect as of that of the positive control. Based on the gathered and analyzed data, the researchers, deemed to highlight that Theobroma cacao extracted microcrystalline cellulose is applicable as an alternative binder in the formulation of paracetamol tablets.
Keywords: Theobroma cacao, microcrystalline cellulose, binder, Avicel
IN-VITRO CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITY OF GUYABANO (Annona muricata) PEEL ETHANOLIC EXTRACT ON COLON CANCER CELL LINE HCT-116
Alexander D. Cunanan, Niqui R. Decena, Maejorie C. Orpilla, Casandra Kate I. Santiago
This research study evaluated the cytotoxic activity of Guyabano (Annona muricata) peel ethanolic extract against colon cancer cell line HCT-116 using MTT-assay. The phytochemical screening of Guyabano (Annona muricata) showed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, carbohydrates, flavonoids, proteins and phenols. The research study used Guyabano (Annona muricata) peel ethanolic extract as experimental group, Doxorubicin as the positive control and Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as the negative control. The results show that with the p-value at 0.000, there is a significant difference between the positive control, Doxorubicin against the experimental control, Guyabano ethanolic extract. Further, the Guyabano (Annona muricata) peel ethanolic extract computed percent inhibition from the absorbance readings were more than 100ug/ml but less than 1000ug/ml which indicates that it has weakly active cytotoxic activity against human colon cancer cell line HCT-116. Conclusion, Guyabano (Annona muricata) peel ethanolic extract has a weak potential in treating colon cancer.
Keywords: Guyabano (Annona muricata), peel ethanolic extract, MTT assay, cytotoxic activity, human colon cancer cell line HCT-116
EVALUATION OF THE ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF COMBINED SAMPA-SAMPALUKAN (Phyllanthus niruri) AND MAKAHIYA (Mimosa pudica) ETHANOLIC STEM EXTRACTS
Judy Ann D. Agwas, Xyra Myre L. Balocnit, Erikha Mae C. Felipe, Marjorie D. Jimenez, Lovigaye P. Ligutan, Abigail Coleen T. Lozada
Inflammation is a localized reaction that manifests redness, swelling, warmth and pain after an injury or infection. This research aimed to find out if the combination of Sampa-Sampalukan (Phyllanthus niruri) and Makahiya (Mimosa pudica) ethanolic stem extracts effectively possess anti- inflammatory activity using carrageenan induced paw edema in male wistar rats (Rattus novegicus). Before one hour of injecting 0.1mL of 1% carrageenan, the rats were administered with different treatments: Group 1 received distilled water as the negative control, Group 2 was treated with Mefenamic acid Suspension as the positive control, Group 3 was treated with Sampa- Sampalukan (P. niruri), Group 4 was treated with Makahiya (M. pudica) and Group 5 was treated with the combination of Sampa-Sampalukan (P. niruri) and Makahiya (M. pudica) ethanolic stem extracts. The statistical significance of differences of the different groups was analyzed using paired t-test. The study demonstrated that combination of Sampa-Sampalukan (P. niruri) and Makahiya (M. pudica) ethanolic stem extracts in pre-treated rats has significantly decreased in paw size. Also, Sampa-Sampalukan (P. niruri), Makahiya (M. pudica) and the Combination of the stems showed the same effectiveness as with the Positive Control Mefenamic Acid Suspension. The findings from the above study prove that the combination of Sampa-Sampalukan (P. niruri) and Makahiya (M. pudica) ethanolic stem extracts has anti-inflammatory effect and can be an alternative for management of inflammation.
Keywords: Phyllanthus niruri, Mimosa pudica, anti-inflammatory, paw edema
GASTROPROTECTIVE ACTIVITY OF HYDROALCOHOLIC EXTRACT OF THE AERIAL PARTS OF WATERCRESS (Nasturtium officinale) ON ASPIRIN-INDUCED ULCER IN MALE WISTAR RATS (Rattus norvegicus)
Kim Liera G. Baclig, Shaira Mae S. Batulan, Fleurwyl Kaye B. Tenay
Several medicinal plants are used in folk medicine to treat gastrointestinal disorders. In this study, the hydroalcoholic extract of the aerial parts of Nasturtium officinale (HAENO) was used to investigate its gastroprotective effect in Aspirin-induced ulcer in male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) which were randomly divided into 5 groups. The rats were orally pre-treated with water (ulcer control group), Omeprazole® 20mg/kg (reference group), 100,200 and 300 mg/kg of HAENO (experimental groups) before oral administration of Aspirin® 30mg/kg to generate gastric mucosal injury. The rats were sacrificed to determine presence of ulcer in their stomachs. The ulcer control group exhibited severe mucosal injury, the reference group exhibited severe bleeding but no visible ulcer formed, whereas groups pre-treated with HAENO exhibited protection in the rats’ gastric mucosa. These results suggest that HAENO promotes ulcer protection as ascertained grossly by significant reduction of ulcer area.
Keywords: watercress, gastroprotective, gastric ulcer, hydroalcoholic, wistar, aspirin-induced ulcer
ACTIVITY OF THE SEMI-PURIFIED FLAVONOIDS FROM DANDELION (Taraxacum officinale) AND KANGKONG (Ipomea aquatica) ETHANOLIC LEAF EXTRACTS AGAINST ACETAMINOPHEN-INDUCED HEPATOTOXICITY MALE WISTAR RATS (Rattus norvegicus)
Honey Lou E. Arellano, Rucriz Serbeth Q. Guimmayen, Princess Diana R. Layga, Haidee P. Soriano
The aim of this study is to determine the hepatoprotective effect of the semi-purified flavonoids from Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) and Kangkong (Ipomea aquatica) ethanolic leaf extracts against acetaminophen-induced male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) which weigh 120-140 grams. The test subjects were divided into 5 groups namely: Treatment 1 treated with Semi- Purified Flavonoids from Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) Ethanolic leaf extract, Treatment 2 treated with Semi- Purified Flavonoids from Kangkong (Ipomea aquatica) Ethanolic Leaf Extract, Treatment 3 treated with Mixture of the Semi-purified Flavonoids from Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) and Kangkong (Ipomea aquatica) Ethanolic leaf extract, Treatment 4 treated with Silymarin (Silybum marianum) and Treatment 5 treated with Normal saline solution (NSS). The test subjects were subjected to the induction of 250mg/kg acetaminophen via oral gavage for 7 days. The leaves of Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) and Kangkong (Ipomea aquatica) were macerated with 70% ethanol and evaporated with sufficient amount of time. The extract was filtered, then evaporated to dryness, and weighed. The flavonoids were obtained. The test subjects were given treatments for 10 days. Results of the study revealed that there is no significant difference between the Semi-Purified Flavonoids from mixed Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) and Kangkong (Ipomea aquatica) and Silymarin (Silybum marinum).
Keywords: hepatoprotective, kangkong, dandelion, sylimarin
BACTERIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE WATER USED IN SANITIZING EATING UTENSILS IN PANCITERIAS WITHIN TUGUEGARAO CITY
Lorena A. Javier, Ma. Katrina E. Ochoa Melowin Mae D. Pagud, Angelica Q. Taguibao
This study aimed to determine the possibility of bacterial contamination in the water used for sanitizing eating utensils in Panciterias within Tuguegarao City. Descriptive design with the use of a questionnaire was used to evaluate the hygienic practices of the selected panciterias. Analytical Profile Index (API) kit and a total coliform count were performed to assess the possible number of bacterial pathogens present in the water. Water sample based on the availability and use of thermal sanitation was collected in the buckets of the eating utensils for bacterial culture, isolation, identification, and counting for the detection of bacterial pathogens. Results obtained from the API kit and the total coliform count was gathered and recorded for statistical analysis to correlate the samples for the presence of bacteria. Majority of the bacteria isolated from these panciterias were Aeromonas sobria which is considered to be non-pathogenic. Panciteria 5 has the highest colony count among the 7 panciterias and has a mean of 4,457 whereas Panciteria 4 has the lowest colony count with a mean of 11.5. The statistical analysis showed that there is no significant difference on the colony counts in the different panciterias since the p-value computed is less than 0.05. Panciteria 3 followed by Panciteria 4 was considered to be the cleanest and most sanitized water samples among these Panciterias. Other bacteria isolated were Aeromonas hydrophila and Enterobacter sakazakii which are non-pathogenic since the colony counts are low. Out of 7 panciterias, only 3 bacteria have been isolated and these bacteria have different colony counts.
Keywords: Thermal sanitation, hygienic practices, eating utensils, analytical profile index kit, total coliform count, culture, isolation, identification, bacterial pathogens, non-pathogenic bacteria
LEVELS OF LEAD, CADMIUM, AND MERCURY IN CAGAYAN RIVER ALONG BUNTUN, CAGGAY, AND CATAGGAMAN NUEVO
Khimberly R. Bulusan, Chelcee Mae F. Cabbuag, Romulo Junior B. Guzman, Ma. Christine C. Israel, Jermaine Joy R. Manuel
In this research study, levels of Lead, Cadmium, and Mercury in Cagayan River along Buntun, Caggay, and Cataggaman Nuevo were measured in MTEC Water Treatment Technologies using Inductive Coupled Plasma. The researchers compared the results to the standard level set by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources. The levels of Lead and Mercury are ≤0.010, and the levels of Cadmium ranged from 0.011-0.015. The statistical analysis showed that the levels of Lead and Mercury in the Cagayan River is below the standard value (p-values are greater than α= 0.05). While, the levels of Cadmium is above the standard level (p-value= 0.027< α=0.05). Continuous monitoring of water bodies in the area of collection is needed to minimize its health associated risks. And also, the levels of Lead, Cadmium, and Mercury do not affect the temperature and pH of the water in the river.
Keywords: Heavy metals, cadmium, lead, mercury, inductive-coupled plasma, Cagayan river, standard level
BACTERIAL INVESTIGATION OF RANDOMLY SELECTED STREET FOOD SAUCES SITUATED OUTSIDE A UNIVERSITY
Ashley M. Tinong, Ashley Keith A. Agustin, Jerome A. Lavadia, Shivone B. Guinaban
This research aimed to determine the presence or absence of bacteria in street food sauces of the different stalls situated outside a University. An experimental approach partnered with laboratory testing was used to investigate and assess the possible bacterial species isolated from street food sauces. The method of the study included three (sweet, sweet & spicy and vinegar) sample collections, culture, isolation and identification for the determination for the presence of bacterial pathogens. The study has shown that there was a bacterial growth upon opening and 30 minutes before closing and there is an increase in the colony count from opening of the sauce up to 30 minutes before closing of the stall as manifested in the p-value which is 0.00 which further means that there is a significant difference using 0.05 as level of significance. It was also revealed that the sweet and sweet & spicy sauces which are collected upon opening and 30 minutes before closing are usually contaminated by Escherichia coli (E coli) and Klebsiella
Keywords: Sweet, sweet & spicy and vinegar sauces, culture, isolation, bacterial identification, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF THE ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF TAKIP KUHOL (Centella asiatica) LEAVES
Beverlyn B. Banog, Ma. Jhuneeh Lei U. Besa, Jessa Myrell A. Palchan, Lara Mae C. Rosiete, Jaimeeh A. Telan, Abigail Nicole B. Viernes
This study aimed to determine the anti-inflammatory activity of the ethanolic leaf extract of Takip Kuhol (Centella asiatica) particularly the leaves, to determine the presence of anti-inflammatory activity considering the basis of use in the traditional medicine. The inflammation was induced by injecting 0.1 ml of 1% w/v carrageenan suspension into the sub-plantar region of the left hind paw of the rat. This was done by treating Diclofenac as a positive control and Experimental group which is the ethanolic extract of Takip Kuhol (Centella asiatica). Measuring the paw edema of the rats was done using volume displacement method to assess if the inflammation has subsided. Results showed that the 300 mg/kg, 150 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg of the extract exhibited its anti-inflammatory effect during the 3rd day which was assessed basing on the baseline and after carrageenan administration in the hind paw of the rat. Therefore, based on the methods used and the results obtained in this study, the ethanolic leaf extract of Takip Kuhol (Centella asiatica) statistically proved that it is effective as an anti-inflammatory with a dose of 300 mg/kg, 150 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg.
Keywords: anti-inflammatory activity, carrageenan, inflammation ethanolic, leaf-extracts, volume displacement
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF MEDICINAL LEECH (Hirudo medicinalis, Hirudinidae) SALIVA EXTRACT ON CARRAGEENAN-INDUCED EDEMA IN WISTAR RATS (Rattus norvegicus): PRE-FORMULATION OF MEDICINAL GEL
Christine Angela E. Agor, Elsaser G. Bulado, Joyce Anne F. Caraboc, Krizhel Joyce G. Coca
This research study focused on the medicinal leech (Hirudo medicinalis, Hirudinidae) saliva extract and its anti-inflammatory activity. Qualitative analysis for proteins, biological assays, product pre-formulation and accelerated stability tests were done. The qualitative analysis for proteins confirmed the presence of proteins in the saliva extract. The first biological assay, using the saliva crude extract, determined the subject’s anti-inflammatory activity. Upon product pre-formulation, four gel concentrations were made (25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%). The accelerated stability tests revealed that the most suitable storage condition for the medicinal gel is at 25-30°C. The second biological assay, using the compounded medicinal gel, once again confirmed the medicinal leech saliva extract’s anti-inflammatory property. Statistical analysis showed that all the prepared gel concentrations were able to inhibit edema formation, with 75% as the most effective.
Keywords: Hirudo medicinalis, hirudinidae, anti-inflammatory activity, edema, gel pre-formulation, saliva extract
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF SAMPA-SAMPALUKAN (Phyllantus amarus) AQUEOUS EXTRACT IN WISTAR RATS (Rattus norvegicus)
Jackie Lou M. Caballero, Leigh Kasandra T. Capili, Diana Joyce C. Lopez, Roangelie T. Pamittan, Rechel A. Parmis, Allisteir Rodriguez, Gasat V. Umayam Jr.
The use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the treatment of diseases associated with inflammatory reactions is fraught with much adverse effect which then poses a major problem in their clinical use. Since herbal drugs gained importance in recent years, the World Health Organization promotes traditional herbal remedies. One of it is Phyllantus amarus a world renowned botanical which has been used since ages because of its rich medical value and ethnomedical importance. This study investigates the activity of the aqueous extract of Sampa-sampalukan (Phyllantus amarus) plant on its action as anti-inflammatory in male wistarrats carrageenan induced paw edema. Specifically, it aimed to determine the constituent responsible for the anti-inflammatory activity of Phyllantus amarus plant, and its efficacy compared to the standard drug, diclofenac sodium. The result of the present study confirmed that Phyllantus amarus contains alkaloids that is responsible for the anti-inflammatory activity and showed that there is no significant difference between the positive control, diclofenac sodium, and the different doses of 200mg/kg, 300mg/kg, 500mg/kg, and 1500mg/kg of Phyllantus amarus plant extract. Furthermore, statistical analysis using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that the aqueous extract of Phyllantus amarus plants are comparable with the standard drug, diclofenac sodium. Based on the data gathered, the researchers conclude that Phyllantus amarus is an effective anti-inflammatory agent.
Keywords: Phyllantus amarus, carrageenan, anti-inflammatory activity, diclofenac sodium, aqueous extract
ANALYSIS OF THE HEMAGGLUTINATING ACTIVITY OF NAMNAMA GROUNDNUT (Arachis hypogaea) CRUDE SEED EXTRACT FOR BLOOD TYPING
Jomaico Diether D. Daguio, Michaella M. Furugganan, Ma. Theresa Diana R. Padilla, Stefanee R. Uanang
Blood typing methods are sensitive, reliable and simple but the cost of blood group specific antibodies used in these methods are expensive. Researches are therefore venturing towards cheaper and more sustainable alternatives. A protein present in peanuts called lectins has potential agglutinating and precipitating ability which is useful for blood type testing. This study employed an extraction scheme to isolate the crude seed extract from large quantities of Namnama groundnut harvested from Cagayan Valley to determine its ability to identify ABO Blood Group by hemagglutination activity. The procedure for the preparation of crude seed extract was taken from a research study conducted by Udeogu and Awuchi (2016). The identification of eligible participants to be the subjects of the study was based on the donor screening scheme established by the Philippine National Red Cross. The collection of blood samples was based on the procedure for venipuncture developed by Mcpherson and Pincus (2017). The carbohydrate-binding specificity and the ability to hemagglutinate red blood cells were tested by performing hemagglutination assay using human red blood cells of different ABO blood types. The concentrated crude seed extract showed 1+ agglutination against type A and B blood and 2+ agglutination for type O blood. Moreover, mean agglutination titer values were 1 for both type A and B blood and 13.33 for type O blood. ANOVA test further revealed that the estimated agglutination titer of the crude seed extract is significantly higher for type O blood than for the type A and B blood. No significant difference in the agglutination titer was identified between the crude seed extract and the positive control specifically for type O blood. It is therefore revealed that the crude seed extract of Namnama ground nut is comparable to commonly used anti-sera by being an alternative and/or additional tool for utilization in blood banks specifically for type O blood. Moreover, the type of lectin in this specie of groundnut has the ability to discriminate the ABO blood groups using its carbohydrate binding capacity and can be suitable anti-sera for blood type O determination.
Keywords: titer, hemagglutination, antisera, hemagglutination assay, agglutination
WHITE ONION (Allium cepa) BULB BASED AGAR CONCENTRATIONS ON THE GROWTH RATE OF GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIA
Kristine Joyce Q. Alvarez, Marjaneh F.Cachero, Carl Joshua A. Matote, Cateleen Lyle I. Rances
Clinical or bacterial isolation and identification are the first steps to a more successful bacteriological study. The discovery of culture media enabled microbiologist and medical technologist in the field of bacteriology to easily identify and isolate bacterial microorganisms. As most commercially available culture media are expensive, there is a need to find alternative media or to reduce the amount of agar added during the preparation of culture media in laboratories especially those with less facility. The present research therefore was carried out to test the efficacy of white onion (Allium cepa) bulb extracts for its ability to support the growth of the selected bacteria; namely: Escherichia coli, Serratia marcescens, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The extracts were prepared using aqueous suspensions. The aqueous suspensions were tested at concentrations of 25%, 50%, and 100%. All suspensions showed a positive growth of the tested bacteria. Among Gram Negative bacteria tested, Klebsiella pneumoniae, with a mean colony count (in cfu) of 651.67 which has (p-value=1.0> α =0.05) exhibited heavy growth by all prepared suspensions followed by Serratia marcescens which has the value of 558.67 cfu (p-value=0.006< α =0.05) while Escherichia coli with a value of 325.11 cfu (p-value=0.025< α =0.05) exhibited light growth. The growth of the tested bacteria was comparable to that obtained on MacConkey agar which is used as routine commercial media in isolating Gram Negative bacteria. Hence, the bulb extracts of Allium cepa (white onion) could be used as an economically available source of nutrients which possess natural antioxidants and anti-fungal agents to support the growth of the tested Gram Negative bacteria.
Keywords: Allium cepa (white onion), bulb based agar, growth rate, Escherichia coli, Serratia marcescens, Klebsiella pneumoniae
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF CARROT (Daucus carota) TAPROOT ETHANOLIC EXTRACT ON MALE WISTAR ALBINO RATS
Kayla Mae G.Abalos, Georgette Mae J. Castro, Lorraine Anne Menor, Mara Jessa C. Oliver, Nicolesenn Jae M. Pastor
This study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory property of Carrot (Daucuscarota) taproot in a carrageenan induced wistar rats. The phytochemical screening of carrot taproot shows the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, saponins, phytosterol, phenolic compounds, and flavonoids. Results showed that Carrot (Daucuscarota) extract contains flavonoids which are responsible for its anti-inflammatory activity. In comparison, the different concentrations of the Carrot (Daucuscarota) Taproot extract (50 mg/kg, 100mg/kg, 150mg/kg, and 200mg/kg) and Diclofenac (25mg/kg) showed no significant difference; thus, they have comparable anti- inflammatory effect which can be used as a safe alternative and accessible source for people who cannot afford expensive drugs and unable to be reached out by medical services.
Keywords: anti-inflammatory, Daucuscarota, ethanolic extract, phytochemical screening, flavonoids